Engineers mininotebook formulas, tables and basic circuits. Basic diode electronics introduction to diodes the pn junction the pn junction is a homojunction between a ptype and an ntype semiconductor. Following the same formula, if simply two capacitors are connected in series, then. Ohms law and joules law are commonly used in calculations dealing with electronic circuits. Consider the device cpu, it consists of many numbers of transistors within it and these transistors contain the semiconductor material which allows the passage of current and all these are controlled by a switch. Lecture 1 introduction to semiconductors and semiconductor. Electronic devices such as diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits are made of a semiconductive material. Semiconductors are parttime conductors whose conductivity can be controlled. But, before we have a look at how signal or power diodes work we first need to understand the semiconductors basic construction and concept. A flip flop, on the other hand, is synchronous and is also known as gated or clocked sr latch sr flipflop. The transistor has replaced the bulky vacuum tubes, from which the size and cost of the devices got decreased and this revolution has kept on increasing its pace leading to the new inventions like integrated electronics. Semiconducting materials the basics of solid state physics pnjunctions and diodes calculations with diodes the basic properties of semiconductors range of conductivity. Never use a led without a current limiting resistor in a circuit in most cases it will explode if you do. In the electronics world, resistance is not futile.
The goal was to give you a basic understanding of how some of the electronic components of a motor. However, after 1990, a few semiconductor devices using organic semiconductors and semiconducting polymers have been developed signalling the birth of a futuristic technology of polymer electronics and molecular electronics. Semiconductors are used extensively in electronic circuits. Basic electronics math provides is a practical application of these basics to electronic theory and circuits. A pnjunction diode is formed by joining together ntype and ptype silicon. Semiconductor ii silicon is the most common material used to build semiconductor devices. Introduction to basic electronics, electronic components and. Basic electronics semiconductors a semiconductor is a substance whose resistivity lies between the conductors and insulators. Semiconductor physics and devices basic principles fourth edition. The conductivity of a semiconductor is somewhere between that of an insulator, which has almost no conductivity, and a conductor, which has almost full conductivity. Assume a compound semiconductor has 25% atomic concentrations of ga, 25% atomic in and 50% atomic of n. Part i is a barebones introduction to basic electronic theory while part ii is designed to be a practical manual for designing and building working electronic circuits.
Electrons and holes are generated thermally the availability of energy equal to the band gap of the semiconductor results in the generation of an electron hole pair. In this tutorial, were going to give you a brief overview of common electronic components and explain what their functions are. Ohms law formulas for ac circuits and power factor. Solid we know that, each substance is composed of atoms. Without resistance, current would flow unregulated and there. Electronics is all about manipulating the flow of current, and one of the most basic ways to manipulate current is to reduce it through resistance. As its name implies, a semiconductor is a material that conducts current, but only partly. To understand how these devices work, you should have a basic knowledge of the structure of atoms and the interaction of atomic particles. In digital electronics, the on state is often represented by a 1 and the off state by a 0. Electronics and electronic components electronics is the processing of electrical charges as information. But the correct reduced semiconductor formula would be. It acts as a diode, which can serve in electronics as a rectifier, logic gate, voltage regulator zener diode. Then we have seen here that a pn junction can be made by joining or diffusing together differently doped semiconductor materials to produce an electronic device called a diode which can be used as the basic semiconductor structure of rectifiers, all types of transistors. Important notes of physics for neet, jee for semiconductor electronics are useful for all aspirants preparing for entrance exams including jee, neet.
Diodes are basic unidirectional semiconductor devices that will only allow current to flow through them in one direction only, acting more like a one way electrical valve, forward biased condition. Lecture 1 introduction to basic electronics youtube. Electronics engineering students need to face some basic electronics questions whether they are preparing for an interview or viva voce. Semiconductor i materials that permit flow of electrons are called conductors e. For optical coupling where manual help is unavailable. Discuss insulators, conductors, and semiconductors and how they. Alan doolittle lecture 1 introduction to semiconductors and semiconductor devices a background equalization lecture reading. A diode is a 2 lead semiconductor that acts as a one way gate to electron flow. If resistors are the most basic passive component in electrical or electronic circuits, then we have to consider the signal diode as being the. Nam june paik, one of the pioneers of the field of electronic art, makes this distinction very clear by commenting on electricity and electronics.
It leads the reader through a preliminary understanding of the underlying electronic sciences, building basic circuits, learning the roles of components, applying digital theory and the possibilities of innovation by combining sensors, engines, and microcontrollers. This updated edition is a suitable introduction for both student and amateur electronics theory and practice. There are a number of basic concepts that form the foundations of todays electronics and radio technology. In this article we will try to learn regarding the basic circuit theory of electronics. Electronics the basics of semiconductor physics prof. Basic electronics questions for interviews and answers. In order for our silicon crystal to conduct electricity, we need to introduce an impurity atom such as arsenic, antimony or phosphorus into the crystalline structure making it extrinsic impurities are added.
It includes all the subjects of electronics engineering, which are required for all type of competitive examinations. Basics of semiconductor devices department of electrical. Ec09 l19 advanced semiconductor device technology ec09 l20 mobile computing. Dear aspirants, we are providing important formula notes for the subject electronic devices and circuits. Semiconductor and simple circuitsnot to be republished. A pnjunction is a monocrystalline transitional area where a ptype and an ntype semiconductor is next to each other. Basic electronics diodes after having known about various components, let us focus on another important component in the field of electronics, known as a diode. Use the diode equation for that state to solve the circuit equations and find i d and v d 3. Generally, you need to refer a variety of books in order to. Important notes are also helpful for revision when you have less time and have to study many topics. Doping is a process where impurities are added to the semiconductor to lower its resistivity silicon has 4 electrons in its valence level we add atoms which have a different number of valence shell electrons 3 or 5 to a piece. Writing a book on semiconductor device physics and design is never complete and probably never completely satisfying.
Specifically, you will learn about the fundamentals of electron movement in semiconductor materials and develop this basic knowledge of how we can construct. Pdf engineers mininotebook formulas, tables, and basic. If both types of dopants are present, the one present in higher concentration determines the type of the semiconductor. Lecture 1 introduction to semiconductor devices reading. Rajesh it includes all the subjects of electronics engineering, which are required for all type of competitive examinations.
Without resistance, electronics would not be possible. Materials that block flow of electrons are called insulators e. Basics of semiconductor devices indian institute of. The mobility of an electron in the conduction band is greater than that of the hole or electron in the valence band. The relationship between the input signals and the output signals is often summarized in a truth table, which is a tabulation of all possible inputs and the resulting outputs. For continued study, a followon oer text and lab manual, operational amplifiers and. Semiconducting materials the basics of solid state physics pnjunctions and diodes calculations with diodes the pnjunction. Welcome to the first edition of semiconductor devices, an open educational resource oer. The first half of basic electronics math provides a refresher of mathematical concepts. It progresses from basic diodes through bipolar and field effect transistors. This is a complete set of notes of semiconductor electronics which is a part of physics syllabus for neet, jee. Basic electronics chapter 2, 3a test t5, t6 basic electrical principles and the functions of components figures in this course book are reproduced with the permission of the american radio relay league. Engineers mininotebook formulas, tables and basic circuits led current led voltage drop forrest m. Electronic formulas ohms law formulas for dc circuits.
Semiconductor devices a semiconductor material is a device that allows the passage of electric current through it. The property of resistivity is not the only one that decides a mate. Pdf quantitative aptitude formulas, basics concepts. Introduction to basic electronics, electronic components. Semiconductor silicon 103106 insulator ceramics 10111014 how do we turn a semiconductor into a conductor. The goal of this chapter is to provide some basic information about electronic circuits. Most semiconductors are crystals made of certain materials. Semiconductor materials, such as silicon, can be used to manufacture devices that have characteristics of both conductors and insulators.
In an intrinsic semiconductor, n e n h n i where n e the free electron density in conduction band, n h the hole density in valence band, and n i the intrinsic carrier concentration. The word transistor is a combination of the two words trans fer var istor which describes their mode of operation way back in their early days of electronics development. We shall concentrate largely on elemental semiconducors such as silicon or germanium, and most numerical values used for examples are speci c to. When electricity is passing through the diode, it emits light. Therefore, the constant in the equation connecting n and p must be n2 i. A semiconductor can be doped with donor atoms andor acceptor atoms. Physics notes class 12 chapter 14 semiconductor electronics. The conductivity of a semiconductor is somewhere between that of an insulator, which. Write down all circuit equations and simplify as much as possible 2. Exams by easyengineering publications if youve got competitive examinations around the corner, this is the book for. Diode allows current to pass in only one direction.
There are two basic types of bipolar transistor construction, pnp and npn, which basically describes the physical arrangement of the ptype and ntype semiconductor materials from which they are. The seed of the development of modern solidstate semiconductor electronics goes back to 1930s when it was realised that some solidstate semiconductors and their junctions offer the possibility of controlling the number and the direction of flow of charge carriers through them. Johann balmer devised a formula that gave those wavelengths. Electronics is the branch of science and engineering dealing with the theoty and use of a class of devices in which electrons are transported through a vacuum, gas or semiconductor. Materials whose conductivity falls between those of conductors and insulators are called semiconductors. Electronic materials science colclaser and diehlnagle materials and devices for electrical. The diagram above shows the structure and lattice of a normal pure crystal of silicon. Basic electronics nyu tandon school of engineering. Jan 21, 2008 lecture 1 introduction to basic electronics nptelhrd. You can condense this into a simple formula, 2n2, where n is the shell number. Bold indicates devices covered in depth in ece 3040. Introduction to semiconductors and semiconductor devices a background equalization lecture reading. Components like resistors, capacitors, inductors etc.
We will try to understand the functioning of a few electronic components and also how they may be configured into small basic. Introduction to basic electronics learning about basic electronics and creating your own projects is a lot easier than you may think. In order to construct a building that will last into the future, a strong foundation is a prerequisite. Physics notes class 12 chapter 14 semiconductor electronics, materials, devices and sample circuits it is the branch of science which deals with the electron flow through a vacuum, gas or semiconductor.
Pdf semiconductor physics and devices basic principles. The diode is a device that consists of one single pnjunction. The goal of this text, as its name implies, is to allow the reader to become proficient in the analysis and design of circuits utilizing discrete semiconductor devices. A semiconductor doped with suitable impurity atoms so as to increase its conductivity is called an extrinsic semiconductor. Mar 24, 2019 this is a complete set of notes of semiconductor electronics which is a part of physics syllabus for neet, jee. With just a handful of basic mathematical formulas, you can get pretty far in analyzing the goingson in electronic circuits and in choosing values for electronic components in circuits you design.
Similarly, holes are the majority carriers in a semiconductor doped with acceptors and it is termed p type. Lecture notes on power electronics veer surendra sai. Metalsemiconductor junctions barrier basics shorted metal and semiconductor in physical contact as the distance between the metal and semiconductor decreases to zero, the depletion region grows qf m e f qc s e e c qf b qf m qc s v the final depletion region width is that needed to support a potential change equal to the builtin. Understanding of fundamentals of basic electronics elements. Main power source ref signal circuit power electronics based on the switching of power semiconductor devices. Simple excitations like light, heat or small applied voltage. Fundamentals of digital electronics clarkson university. This formula book consists of wellillustrated concepts, important formulae and diagrams, which will be highly beneficial at the last leg of candidates preparation.
Classification of substances on the basis of conduction of electricity. Recipe for solving diode circuits state of diode is unknown before solving the circuit 1. Power electronics signifies the word power electronics and control or we can say the electronic that deal with power equipment for power control. In the above formulas 1 is the angle of lead or lag between current and voltage and cos 1 pei power factor or pf. We make the assumption that you have no prior knowledge of electronics, electricity, or circuits, and start from the basics.
Semiconductor devices are extensively used in the field of electronics. So, this article gives you few basic electronics questions for interview and other competetive exams. Semiconductor devices types of semiconductor devices. The following text is designed to provide an efficient introduction to electronic circuit design. Due to the diverse coverage from various professors for ece3040, you will repeat for some some of the material from 3040. The following concentrates on the usage of light emitting diodes leds in electronic circuits. Many semiconductor devices act like a conductor when an external force is applied in one direction and like an insulator when an external force is applied in the opposite direction. Important formulas for electronic devices and circuits. Download engineers mininotebook formulas, tables, and basic circuits by forrest m mims this engineers mini notebook provides a complete, basic electronics reference guide for the workshop, electronics hobbyist experimenter, or ham radio shack. These chapters can be taught separately from or in combination. These chapters can be taught separately from or in combination with the rest of the book, as needed by the students. With the development of power semiconductor technology, the power handling capabilities and.
706 1189 1315 148 864 1347 1582 705 1102 999 374 1225 812 923 849 1243 885 732 1063 1437 1089 420 1132 439 1361 1288 220 1457 134 1015 323 838 1517 1505 1390 641 921 1063 147 463 1171 1030 895 1315